Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth., Rubiaceae, is an economically important timber tree species. To meet the increasing market demand for M. parvifolia, it is necessary to assess genetic diversity within individuals to accelerate genetic improvement. Microsatellites, or simple sequence repeats (SSRs), are the most widely used molecular markers in population genetic studies. The present study estimated genetic variation in M. parvifolia among 20 individuals collected from wild populations using 10 polymorphic SSR markers. Allelic data were used to calculate genetic diversity parameters, including genotype distance, the Shannon index, and pairwise relatedness. The Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was also performed to assess the distribution of genetic variation within and among the individuals. Further genotypic distance analysis revealed a wide range of divergence (6–30), indicating both close kinship and distinct lineages among individuals. The Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) explained 45.97% of the total variation across the first three axes, with clear clustering patterns among populations. Another observation from the Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) showed that most genetic diversity resides within individuals (72%), followed by among individuals within populations (16%) and among populations (12%). Further, the analysis indicated moderate genetic differentiation (FST = 0.124, p < 0.001), with gene flow estimated at Nm = 1.768, suggesting substantial interpopulation connectivity. Shannon’s diversity index further supported high within-population diversity (sH = 0.559) compared to among-population variation (sH = 0.155). Pairwise relatedness estimates indicated that most individuals were genetically unrelated, confirming a broad and heterogeneous genetic base. The presence of population-specific alleles and moderate structuring highlights the importance of conserving diverse populations. The genetic diversity of M. parvifolia provides valuable insight for conservation strategies and future genetic improvement programs.

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Various forms of anthropogenic pressure have significantly altered the structure and floristic composition of gallery forests, leading to a departure from their previously described floristic profile. In this context, the present study aims to update knowledge on the floristic composition of gallery forests in the sub-Sudanese region of Côte d’Ivoire. The methodology combined surface surveys and itinerant inventories. For each inventoried species, the family, genus, morphological type, and phytogeographic distribution were determined according to the APG IV classification. Species distribution across these characteristics was analyzed using bar charts and pie charts. Endemism was assessed by identifying species endemic to the West African forest block, with particular attention to those restricted to Côte d’Ivoire. The resulting floristic list was compared with the UICN Red List and the reference list in. The results show that the gallery forest flora comprises 153 species distributed among 122 genera and 51 families. The most represented families are Fabaceae, Moraceae, Rubiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Sapindaceae. A diachronic comparison between 1971 and 2025 highlights the persistence of a resilient floristic core dominated by Fabaceae, Rubiaceae, Moraceae, and Annonaceae. In contrast, formerly abundant families such as Euphorbiaceae, Sterculiaceae, and Meliaceae exhibit a marked decline, while Apocynaceae, Sapindaceae, and Combretaceae emerge as increasingly important families. Species from the Guineo-Congolese region and the transition zone are the most numerous. Structurally, shrubs predominate, followed by trees and lianas. The characteristic species currently observed include Berlinia grandiflora, Carapa procera, Cola gigantea, Cola laurifolia, Dialium guineense, Lecaniodiscus cupanioides, Ochna membranacea, Olax subscorpioidea, Synsepalum brevipes, and Phoenix reclinata. Overall, floristic diversity has declined since the 1971 inventories, with several hygrophilous species disappearing and being replaced by disturbance-tolerant taxa. Nevertheless, these gallery forests remain important refuges for threatened and endemic species, some of which are classified as rare or vulnerable by the IUCN and Aké-Assi.

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Hot peppers are widely used as a spice for flavour enhancement, colouration, and seasoning, with increasing global demand. This study, conducted during the 2022/2023 cropping season, aimed to evaluate genetic variability among landrace accessions and their trait associations using multivariate analysis under semi-irrigation conditions. A total of 19 landrace genotypes and 1 improved variety were assessed across 12 quantitative and 9 qualitative traits. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was employed. Cluster analysis categorized the genotypes into three groups: Cluster I (10 genotypes), Cluster III (6 genotypes), and Cluster II (4 genotypes). The highest genetic divergence was observed between Cluster I and Cluster II (74.20), followed by Cluster II and Cluster III (44.87) and Cluster I and Cluster III (31.86). The considerable genetic distance among these clusters suggests that they could be used in breeding programs to develop improved varieties. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified five significant principal components (PCs), with eigenvalues ranging from 2.51 to 1.44, accounting for 77.74% of the total variance. The first four PCs contributed 20.93%, 20.29%, 14.75%, and 12.02%, respectively. This study highlights the broad genetic diversity among Ethiopian hot pepper genotypes, providing valuable insights for future breeding programs and germplasm conservation.

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(Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth.) is one of the world’s most adversely affecting weeds of the family Orobanchaceae, which is a major global biotic threat to agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia. This review paper examines the prevalence, Socioeconomic impacts, and management options of Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. in Ethiopia. Generally to review about this paper various comprehensive literature search was conducted across different areas to come up the general conclusion these are Google Scholar, Web of Science, DOAJ and Science to be the review paper is relevant currently recent work is mandatory based on this idea the year of Studies of published article range between 2016 and 2025 were selected based on relevance and accuracy, quality and their findings were made into thematic areas of covering the prevalence, socioeconomic impact and its management Strategies of Striga hermontica bent in Ethiopia. Many management strategies have been developed to control this weed, including the use of resistant/tolerant varieties, sowing clean seeds free of Striga contamination, rotating cereal hosts with trap crops that induce abortive germination of Striga seeds, intercropping, and applying organic and inorganic soil amendments. This review recommended research on farmer participation, and the government of Ethiopia should conduct regular oversight to assess the prevalence and socioeconomic impacts of this species, implement appropriate protection measures, and prevent further introduction and spread of the striga species into areas not yet infested.

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Cyperus odoratus L. (Cyperaceae) is reported here as a new distributional record for the Flora of the Upper Gangetic Plain and the adjacent Siwalik and Sub-Himalayan tracts of Uttar Pradesh, India. The species was encountered during targeted floristic surveys conducted between 2020 and 2025. Identification was confirmed through detailed morphological examination and comparison with authenticated specimens and protologues. This addition expands the known range of the species in northern India and highlights the need for continued taxonomic documentation in understudied transitional zones. This paper provides a detailed taxonomic description, citation, habit, habitat, ecology, flowering and fruiting, distribution, and photographs of the species.

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